ANSI compliance in Databricks Runtime

Applies to: Databricks Runtime

This article describes ANSI compliance in Databricks Runtime. For ANSI mode in Databricks SQL, see ANSI_MODE.

Spark SQL has two options to support compliance with the ANSI SQL standard: spark.sql.ansi.enabled and spark.sql.storeAssignmentPolicy.

When spark.sql.ansi.enabled is set to true, Spark SQL uses an ANSI compliant dialect instead of being Hive compliant. For example, Spark will throw an exception at runtime instead of returning null results if the inputs to a SQL operator/function are invalid. Some ANSI dialect features may be not from the ANSI SQL standard directly, but their behaviors align with ANSI SQL’s style.

Moreover, Spark SQL has an independent option to control implicit casting behaviors when storing rows in a table. The casting behaviors are defined as store assignment rules in the standard.

When spark.sql.storeAssignmentPolicy is set to ANSI, Spark SQL complies with the ANSI store assignment rules. This is a separate configuration because its default value is ANSI, while the configuration spark.sql.ansi.enabled is disabled by default.

The following table summarizes the behavior:

Property Name	Default	Meaning
spark.sql.ansi.enabled	false	When true, Spark attempts to conform to the ANSI SQL specification: - Throws a runtime exception if an overflow occurs in any operation on an integer or decimal field. - Forbids using the reserved keywords of ANSI SQL as identifiers in the SQL parser.
spark.sql.storeAssignmentPolicy	ANSI	When storing a value into a column with a different data type, Spark performs type conversion. There are three policies for the type coercion rules: ANSI, legacy, and strict. - ANSI: Spark performs the type coercion as per ANSI SQL. In practice, the behavior is mostly the same as PostgreSQL. It disallows certain unreasonable type conversions such as converting string to int or double to boolean. - legacy: Spark allows the type coercion as long as it is a valid Cast, which is very loose. For example, converting string to int or double to boolean is allowed. It is also the only behavior in Spark 2.x and it is compatible with Hive. - strict: Spark doesn’t allow any possible precision loss or data truncation in type coercion, for example, converting double to int or decimal to double is not allowed.

The following subsections present behavior changes in arithmetic operations, type conversions, and SQL parsing when ANSI mode is enabled. For type conversions in Spark SQL, there are three kinds of them and this article will introduce them one by one: cast, store assignment and type coercion.

Arithmetic operations

In Spark SQL, arithmetic operations performed on numeric types (with the exception of decimal) are not checked for overflows by default. This means that in case an operation causes overflows, the result is the same with the corresponding operation in a Java or Scala program (For example, if the sum of 2 integers is higher than the maximum value representable, the result is a negative number). On the other hand, Spark SQL returns null for decimal overflows. When spark.sql.ansi.enabled is set to true and an overflow occurs in numeric and interval arithmetic operations, it throws an arithmetic exception at runtime.

SQL

-- `spark.sql.ansi.enabled=true`
> SELECT 2147483647 + 1;
 error: integer overflow

-- `spark.sql.ansi.enabled=false`
> SELECT 2147483647 + 1;
  -2147483648

Cast

When spark.sql.ansi.enabled is set to true, explicit casting by CAST syntax throws a runtime exception for illegal cast patterns defined in the standard, such as casts from a string to an integer.

The CAST clause of Spark ANSI mode follows the syntax rules of section 6.13 “cast specification” in ISO/IEC 9075-2:2011 Information technology — Database languages - SQL — Part 2: Foundation (SQL/Foundation), except it specially allows the following straightforward type conversions which are disallowed as per the ANSI standard:

• NumericType <=> BooleanType
• StringType <=> BinaryType

The valid combinations of source and target data type in a CAST expression are given by the following table. “Y” indicates that the combination is syntactically valid without restriction and “N” indicates that the combination is not valid.

SourceTarget	Numeric	String	Date	Timestamp	Interval	Boolean	Binary	Array	Map	Struct
Numeric	Y	Y	N	N	N	Y	N	N	N	N
String	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	N	N	N
Date	N	Y	Y	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N
Timestamp	N	Y	Y	Y	N	N	N	N	N	N
Interval	N	Y	N	N	Y	N	N	N	N	N
Boolean	Y	Y	N	N	N	Y	N	N	N	N
Binary	Y	N	N	N	N	N	Y	N	N	N
Array	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Y	N	N
Map	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Y	N
Struct	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	N	Y

SQL

-- Examples of explicit casting

-- `spark.sql.ansi.enabled=true`
> SELECT CAST('a' AS INT);
  ERROR: [CAST_INVALID_INPUT] The value 'a' of the type "STRING" cannot be cast to "INT" because it is malformed.

> SELECT CAST(2147483648L AS INT);
  ERROR: [CAST_OVERFLOW] The value 2147483648L of the type "BIGINT" cannot be cast to "INT" due to an overflow.

> SELECT CAST(DATE'2020-01-01' AS INT)
  ERROR: [DATATYPE_MISMATCH.CAST_WITH_FUNC_SUGGESTION] Cannot resolve "CAST(DATE '2020-01-01' AS INT)" due to data type mismatch: cannot cast "DATE" to "INT".

-- `spark.sql.ansi.enabled=false` (This is a default behavior)
> SELECT cast('a' AS INT);
  null

> SELECT CAST(2147483648L AS INT);
  -2147483648

> SELECT CAST(DATE'2020-01-01' AS INT);
  null

Store assignment

The setting spark.sql.storeAssignmentPolicy defaults to ANSI. With this setting, when the data types of source values doesn’t match the target column types, Spark SQL automatically adds ANSI CAST clauses to the INSERT statement. During table insertion under this policy, Spark checks for and rejects invalid casts, throwing an exception to ensure data quality. This means if an insertion attempt fails due to a type mismatch, it will not result in any data being partially written to the table.

Examples:

SQL

-- spark.sql.storeAssignmentPolicy=ANSI
> CREATE TABLE test(i INT);
> INSERT INTO test VALUES (2147483648L);
  ERROR: [CAST_OVERFLOW_IN_TABLE_INSERT] Fail to insert a value of "BIGINT" type into the "INT" type column `i` due to an overflow.

> INSERT INTO test VALUES ('a');
  ERROR: [CAST_INVALID_INPUT ERROR] The value 'a' of the type "STRING" cannot be cast to "INT" because it is malformed

These examples show Spark SQL preventing incompatible data from being inserted, thereby maintaining data integrity.

When the spark.sql.storeAssignmentPolicy is set to LEGACY, Spark SQL reverts to the behavior prevalent up to Spark 2.x. In this mode, instead of using ANSI CAST, it applies legacy CAST operations. Under this policy, invalid casts during table insertions result in either NULL values or incorrect values being inserted, rather than throwing an exception. Examples:

SQL

-- spark.sql.storeAssignmentPolicy=LEGACY
> CREATE TABLE test(i INT);
> INSERT INTO test VALUES (2147483648L);
> INSERT INTO test VALUES ('a');
> SELECT * FROM test;

-- Results
--  -2147483648 (incorrect value due to overflow)
--  null (cannot cast 'a' to INT)

Type coercion

Type Promotion and Precedence

When spark.sql.ansi.enabled is set to true, Spark SQL uses several rules that govern how conflicts between data types are resolved. At the heart of this conflict resolution is the Type Precedence List which defines whether values of a given data type can be promoted to another data type implicitly.

Data type	precedence list(from narrowest to widest)
Byte	Byte -> Short -> Int -> Long -> Decimal -> Float* -> Double
Short	Short -> Int -> Long -> Decimal-> Float* -> Double
Int	Int -> Long -> Decimal -> Float* -> Double
Long	Long -> Decimal -> Float* -> Double
Decimal	Decimal -> Float* -> Double
Float	Float -> Double
Double	Double
Date	Date -> Timestamp
Timestamp	Timestamp
String	String
Binary	Binary
Boolean	Boolean
Interval	Interval
Map	Map**
Array	Array**
Struct	Struct**

• For least common type resolution float is skipped to avoid loss of precision.

** For a complex type, the precedence rule applies recursively to its component elements.

Special rules apply for the String type and untyped NULL. A NULL can be promoted to any other type, while a String can be promoted to any simple data type.

This is a graphical depiction of the precedence list as a directed tree:

Least Common Type Resolution

The least common type from a set of types is the narrowest type reachable from the precedence list by all elements of the set of types.

The least common type resolution is used to:

• Decide whether a function expecting a parameter of a type can be invoked using an argument of a narrower type.
• Derive the argument type for functions which expect a shared argument type for multiple parameters, such as coalesce, least, or greatest.
• Derive the operand types for operators such as arithmetic operations or comparisons.
• Derive the result type for expressions such as the case expression.
• Derive the element, key, or value types for array and map constructors.

Special rules are applied if the least common type resolves to FLOAT. With float type values, if any of the types is INT, BIGINT, or DECIMAL the least common type is pushed to DOUBLE to avoid potential loss of digits.

SQL

-- The coalesce function accepts any set of argument types as long as they share a least common type.
-- The result type is the least common type of the arguments.
> SET spark.sql.ansi.enabled=true;

> SELECT typeof(coalesce(1Y, 1L, NULL));
BIGINT

> SELECT typeof(coalesce(1, DATE'2020-01-01'));
Error: Incompatible types [INT, DATE]

> SELECT typeof(coalesce(ARRAY(1Y), ARRAY(1L)));
ARRAY<BIGINT>

> SELECT typeof(coalesce(1, 1F));
DOUBLE

> SELECT typeof(coalesce(1L, 1F));
DOUBLE

> SELECT (typeof(coalesce(1BD, 1F)));
DOUBLE

-- The substring function expects arguments of type INT for the start and length parameters.
> SELECT substring('hello', 1Y, 2);
he

> SELECT substring('hello', '1', 2);
he

> SELECT substring('hello', 1L, 2);
Error: Argument 2 requires an INT type.

> SELECT substring('hello', str, 2) FROM VALUES(CAST('1' AS STRING)) AS T(str);
Error: Argument 2 requires an INT type.

SQL functions

The behavior of some SQL functions can be different under ANSI mode (spark.sql.ansi.enabled=true).

• size: This function returns null for null input under ANSI mode.
• element_at:
  • This function throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if using invalid indices.
  • This function throws NoSuchElementException if key does not exist in map.
• elt: This function throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if using invalid indices.
• make_date: This function fails with an exception if the result date is invalid.
• make_timestamp: This function fails with an exception if the result timestamp is invalid.
• make_interval: This function fails with an exception if the result interval is invalid.
• next_day: This function throws IllegalArgumentException if input is not a valid day of week.
• parse_url: This function throws IllegalArgumentException if an input string is not a valid url.
• to_date: This function fails with an exception if the input string can’t be parsed, or the pattern string is invalid.
• to_timestamp: This function fails with an exception if the input string can’t be parsed, or the pattern string is invalid.
• to_unix_timestamp: This function fails with an exception if the input string can’t be parsed, or the pattern string is invalid.
• unix_timestamp: This function fails with an exception if the input string can’t be parsed, or the pattern string is invalid.

SQL operators

The behavior of some SQL operators can be different under ANSI mode (spark.sql.ansi.enabled=true).

• array_col[index]: This operator throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if using invalid indices.
• map_col[key]: This operator throws NoSuchElementException if key does not exist in map.
• CAST(string_col AS TIMESTAMP): This operator fails with an exception if the input string can’t be parsed.
• CAST(string_col AS DATE): This operator fails with an exception if the input string can’t be parsed.

Useful Functions for ANSI Mode

When ANSI mode is on, it throws exceptions for invalid operations. You can use the following SQL functions to suppress such exceptions.

• try_cast: identical to CAST, except that it returns NULL result instead of throwing an exception on runtime error.
• try_add: identical to the add operator +, except that it returns NULL result instead of throwing an exception on integral value overflow.
• try_divide: identical to the division operator /, except that it returns NULL result instead of throwing an exception on dividing 0.

SQL keywords

When spark.sql.ansi.enabled is true, Spark SQL will use the ANSI mode parser. In this mode, Spark SQL has two kinds of keywords:

• Reserved keywords: Keywords that are reserved and can’t be used as identifiers for table, view, column, function, alias, etc.
• Non-reserved keywords: Keywords that have a special meaning only in particular contexts and can be used as identifiers in other contexts. For example, EXPLAIN SELECT ... is a command, but EXPLAIN can be used as identifiers in other places.

When the ANSI mode is disabled, Spark SQL has two kinds of keywords:

• Non-reserved keywords: Same definition as the one when the ANSI mode enabled.
• Strict-non-reserved keywords: A strict version of non-reserved keywords, which cannot be used as table alias.

By default spark.sql.ansi.enabled is false.

Below is a list of all the keywords in Spark SQL.

Keyword	Spark SQL ANSI Mode	Spark SQL Default Mode	SQL-2016
ADD	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
AFTER	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
ALL	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
ALTER	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
ALWAYS	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
ANALYZE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
AND	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
ANTI	non-reserved	strict-non-reserved	non-reserved
ANY	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
ARCHIVE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
ARRAY	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
AS	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
ASC	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
AT	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
AUTHORIZATION	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
BETWEEN	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
BOTH	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
BUCKET	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
BUCKETS	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
BY	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
CACHE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
CASCADE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
CASE	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
CAST	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
CHANGE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
CHECK	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
CLEAR	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
CLUSTER	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
CLUSTERED	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
CODEGEN	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
COLLATE	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
COLLECTION	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
COLUMN	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
COLUMNS	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
COMMENT	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
COMMIT	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
COMPACT	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
COMPACTIONS	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
COMPUTE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
CONCATENATE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
CONSTRAINT	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
COST	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
CREATE	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
CROSS	reserved	strict-non-reserved	reserved
CUBE	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
CURRENT	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
CURRENT_DATE	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
CURRENT_TIME	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
CURRENT_USER	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
DATA	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
DATABASE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
DATABASES	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
DAY	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
DBPROPERTIES	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
DEFINED	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
DELETE	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
DELIMITED	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
DESC	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
DESCRIBE	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
DFS	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
DIRECTORIES	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
DIRECTORY	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
DISTINCT	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
DISTRIBUTE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
DIV	non-reserved	non-reserved	not a keyword
DROP	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
ELSE	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
END	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
ESCAPE	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
ESCAPED	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
EXCEPT	reserved	strict-non-reserved	reserved
EXCHANGE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
EXISTS	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
EXPLAIN	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
EXPORT	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
EXTENDED	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
EXTERNAL	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
EXTRACT	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
FALSE	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
FETCH	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
FIELDS	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
FILTER	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
FILEFORMAT	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
FIRST	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
FN	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
FOLLOWING	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
FOR	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
FOREIGN	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
FORMAT	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
FORMATTED	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
FROM	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
FULL	reserved	strict-non-reserved	reserved
FUNCTION	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
FUNCTIONS	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
GENERATED	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
GLOBAL	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
GRANT	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
GRANTS	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
GROUP	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
GROUPING	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
HAVING	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
HOUR	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
IF	non-reserved	non-reserved	not a keyword
IGNORE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
IMPORT	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
IN	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
INDEX	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
INDEXES	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
INNER	reserved	strict-non-reserved	reserved
INPATH	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
INPUTFORMAT	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
INSERT	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
INTERSECT	reserved	strict-non-reserved	reserved
INTERVAL	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
INTO	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
IS	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
ITEMS	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
JOIN	reserved	strict-non-reserved	reserved
JSON	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
KEY	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
KEYS	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
LAST	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
LATERAL	reserved	strict-non-reserved	reserved
LAZY	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
LEADING	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
LEFT	reserved	strict-non-reserved	reserved
LIKE	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
ILIKE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
LIMIT	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
LINES	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
LIST	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
LOAD	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
LOCAL	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
LOCATION	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
LOCK	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
LOCKS	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
LOGICAL	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
MACRO	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
MAP	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
MATCHED	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
MERGE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
MINUTE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
MINUS	non-reserved	strict-non-reserved	non-reserved
MONTH	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
MSCK	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
NAMESPACE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
NAMESPACES	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
NATURAL	reserved	strict-non-reserved	reserved
NO	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
NOT	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
NULL	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
NULLS	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
OF	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
ON	reserved	strict-non-reserved	reserved
ONLY	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
OPTION	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
OPTIONS	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
OR	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
ORDER	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
OUT	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
OUTER	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
OUTPUTFORMAT	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
OVER	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
OVERLAPS	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
OVERLAY	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
OVERWRITE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
PARTITION	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
PARTITIONED	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
PARTITIONS	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
PERCENT	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
PIVOT	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
PLACING	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
POSITION	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
PRECEDING	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
PRIMARY	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
PRINCIPALS	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
PROPERTIES	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
PURGE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
QUALIFY	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
QUERY	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
RANGE	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
RECIPIENT	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
RECIPIENTS	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
RECORDREADER	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
RECORDWRITER	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
RECOVER	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
REDUCE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
REFERENCES	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
REFRESH	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
REGEXP	non-reserved	non-reserved	not a keyword
REMOVE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
RENAME	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
REPAIR	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
REPLACE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
RESET	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
RESPECT	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
RESTRICT	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
REVOKE	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
RIGHT	reserved	strict-non-reserved	reserved
RLIKE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
ROLE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
ROLES	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
ROLLBACK	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
ROLLUP	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
ROW	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
ROWS	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
SCHEMA	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
SCHEMAS	non-reserved	non-reserved	not a keyword
SECOND	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
SELECT	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
SEMI	non-reserved	strict-non-reserved	non-reserved
SEPARATED	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
SERDE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
SERDEPROPERTIES	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
SESSION_USER	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
SET	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
SETS	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
SHARE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
SHARES	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
SHOW	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
SKEWED	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
SOME	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
SORT	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
SORTED	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
START	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
STATISTICS	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
STORED	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
STRATIFY	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
STRUCT	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
SUBSTR	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
SUBSTRING	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
SYNC	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
TABLE	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
TABLES	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
TABLESAMPLE	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
TBLPROPERTIES	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
TEMP	non-reserved	non-reserved	not a keyword
TEMPORARY	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
TERMINATED	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
THEN	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
TIME	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
TO	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
TOUCH	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
TRAILING	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
TRANSACTION	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
TRANSACTIONS	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
TRANSFORM	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
TRIM	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
TRUE	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
TRUNCATE	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
TRY_CAST	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
TYPE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
UNARCHIVE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
UNBOUNDED	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
UNCACHE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
UNION	reserved	strict-non-reserved	reserved
UNIQUE	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
UNKNOWN	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
UNLOCK	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
UNSET	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
UPDATE	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
USE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
USER	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
USING	reserved	strict-non-reserved	reserved
VALUES	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
VIEW	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
VIEWS	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
WHEN	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
WHERE	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
WINDOW	non-reserved	non-reserved	reserved
WITH	reserved	non-reserved	reserved
YEAR	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved
ZONE	non-reserved	non-reserved	non-reserved